Chapter 1Chapter Organization
Describing the profession
The challenges and responsibilities of four different psychologists
A Clinical Psychology student
Clinical Psychologist A - working in a general hospital setting
Clinical Psychologist B - working in a private practice setting
Clinical Psychologist C - working in an academic setting
Practice realities in Clinical Psychology
Conclusion
Chapter objective
Considerations for career planning
Concrete planning steps
Maximizing your academic preparation and building the best
Possible application package for graduate training
Application Forms
Grade Point Averages
Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
The statement of interest
Letters of reference
Research or clinical experience?
Timing Issues
Surviving graduate school
Getting licensed
Getting the most of graduate school
Post-doctoral training
Getting licensed
Conclusions
Chapter Objective
Chapter Organization
Properties of psychological tests
Reliability
Validity
How should tests be described with respect to their
reliability and validity?
Measuring change in therapy
Methods used to learn about therapy outcome:
Case studies
Therapy outcome research
Qualitative research
Program Evaluation
Objectives
Setting the tone
Defining what ethical behavior is
Our Profession’s Commitment to Ethical Standards of Practice
Legal facts and Ethics
Practice Guidelines/Codes of Conduct
Custody and Access Reports: necessary and contentious
Codes of Ethics
General Principles
Conclusion
Objective of This Chapter
Vignettes 1-4
Psychological Problems that Clinical Psychologists Focus On
Defining Psychological Problems
Statistical or Normative Approach
Subjective Interpretation (psychological pain)
Judgments of Maladaptive Functioning
Issues in Defining Psychological Problems
Some Concepts in Defining Psychological Problems
Sign
Symptom
Syndrome
Mental Disorder
Psychological Problems: What processes are affected?
Emotions and Emotional Regulation
Thoughts/Cognitions, Intellectual Functioning, Information Processing
Perceptions
Interpersonal Processes
Regulatory or Coping Behavior
Development
Environment
Conceptualizations of Psychological Problems
Philosophical underpinnings of Orientations to Psychopathology
Symptom as Focus
Underlying Cause as Focus
Current Conceptualizations of Psychopathology
Diagnostic Classification Systems
Descriptions
Communication
Research
Theory Development
Treatment
Education
Insurance and Reimbursement
Epidemiological Information
Specific Current Classification Systems
International Classification of Diseases — 10
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Ed Text Revision
The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
The Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics
Summary
Ongoing Considerations
Key Terms Learned
Thinking Questions
Objective of This Chapter
Vignettes 1-3
What is Psychological Assessment?
Psychological Testing versus Psychological Assessment
Psychological Assessment in Practice and Training
Purpose of Assessment
The Tools of Psychological Assessment
Types of Psychological Assessment
Psychodiagnostic Assessment
Intellectual/Cognitive
Behavioral
Health
Psychophysiological
Rehabilitative
Forensic
Goals of Assessment
Problem Explication
Formulation
Prognosis
Treatment Issues and Recommendations
Provision of Therapeutic Context
Communication of Findings
Research
Importance of Context
Interpretation, Decision Making, and Prediction
Qualitative or Actuarial Approach
Clinical Judgment or Subjective Approach
Clinical Decision Making and Errors in Judgment
Base Rate Issue
Barnum Effect
Illusory Correlation
Preconceived Ideas and Confirmatory Bias
Inappropriate Use of Heuristics
Summary
Ongoing Considerations
Key Words Learned
Thinking Questions
Objective of This Chapter
Psychodiagnostic Assessment
What are the tests and tools used in psychodiagnostic assessment?
Clinical Interviews
Unstructured Interviews
Pros of Unstructured Interviews
Cons of Unstructured Interviews
Structured Interviews
Pros of Structured Interviews
Cons of Unstructured Interviews
Objective Tests: Self-Report Inventories
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and MMPI-2
Validity Scales
Clinical Scales
Interpretation
Reliability and Validity
Pros of MMPI-2
Cons of MMPI-2
MMPI-A
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventories
Pros of the MCMI-III
Cons of the MCMI-III
Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)
Rating Scales
Projectives
Rorschach Inkblot Technique
Reliability and Validity
Pros of the RIT
Cons of the RIT
Thematic Apperception Test (Technique)
Reliability and Validity
Pros of the TAT
Cons of the TAT
Drawing Tasks
Reliability and Validity
Pros of the Drawing Tasks
Cons of the Drawing Tasks
Summary
Key Terms Learned
Ongoing Considerations
Thinking Questions
Intellectual Assessment
Purpose of Intellectual Assessment
Domains Assessed in Intellectual Assessment
G Model or the Psychometric Approach
Multiple Intelligences
Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
What is IQ?
Intelligence Tests
Stanford-Binet Scale
Stanford-Binet 5 (SB-5)
Wechsler Scales of Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (WISC-IV)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III (WPPSII-II)
Interpreting and Using Intelligence Test Scores
Clinical Neuropsychology and Neuropsychological Evaluations
Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment
Assumptions Underlying Neuropsychological Assessment
Domains Important to Assess
How is a Neuropsychological Evaluation Done?
Neuropsychological Tests: Fixed Batteries
Halstead Reitan
Pros of the Halstead Reitan
Cons of the Halstead Reitan
Luria Nebraska
NEPSY-III: A Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment
Neuropsychological Testing: Process Approach
Summary
Key Terms Learned
Ongoing Considerations
Thought Questions
Chapter objectives
Behavioral Assessment
Rationale and basic principles
Validity and ethics in implementation and interpretation
What can be done to maximize the usefulness of observations? Tips for strengthening observational methods
Self-Monitoring
Summary
Biological Assessment
Physiological systems
Measurement of physiological activity
Reliability and validity
Application
Summary
Conclusion
Objective
Defining Psychotherapy
The Therapy Environment
Homework assignments
Therapy length
Multi-client therapy
Elements in the process of therapy
The Client
The Therapist
The Technique
The Alliance
Typical presenting problems
The therapeutic relationship
Cultural competence in clinical psychology
Conclusion
Objective of this chapter
Psychoanalysis
Terminology
How Common is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic Treatment?
General Principles of the Theoretical Models Underlying Psychoanalytic Treatment
Primary Assumptions and Principles of Psychoanalytic Treatment
Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory
Phases of Classical Psychoanalysis
Ego Psychology
Object Relations Theory
Self Psychology Theory
Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapies
Goals of Psychoanalysis and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Psychoanalytic Treatment
Vehicles for Behavior Change in Psychoanalytic Treatment
New Issues in the Field
Person Centered Therapy
Theory
Person-centered psychotherapy
Empathy
Unconditional Positive Regard
Genuineness
Systems Therapies
Theory
Specific Systems Therapy Approaches
Summary
Ongoing controversies
Key terms learned
Thinking questions
Behavior therapy
Roots and underlying theory
Ethical considerations
Punishment
Reinforcement
Concluding observations
Cognitive therapy
Two major proponents: Ellis and Beck
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Biofeedback/Relaxation/Stress management
Biofeedback
Relaxation/Self-regulation methods
Summary & conclusion
Stress management
A model of the stress process: Major components & moderating variables
Conclusion
Emotion-focused therapy
Motivational interviewing
Dialectical behavior therapy
Chapter objective
Methods
A brief history of therapy outcome research
What questions are meta-analytic reviews trying to answer?
What has been learned from existing meta-analyses?
Cost effectiveness of psychological therapies
Controversies around knowledge translation from therapy outcome research
Conclusion
Chapter objective
Defining treatment specificity
Hypnosis
Description and rationale
Hypnotic susceptibility
Understanding and measuring hypnotic trance
The method
Treatment outcome
Summary of hypnosis
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Description, rationale & method
Treatment outcome
Summary of EMDR
Acceptance and commitment therapy
Description, rationale & method
Treatment outcome
Summary of ACT
Mindfulness meditation (MM)
Roots, rationale & procedure
The method
Treatment outcome
Summary of MM
Revisiting claims of uniqueness and specificity
Conclusion
Chapter objectives
Developmental stages and childhood psychopathology
Ethical challenges
Impact of development on assessment
Intervention
Behavior Therapy
Play Therapy
Systems Therapy
Overview of Treatment Outcome
The example of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Conclusion
Objective of this chapter
What is Forensic Psychology?
Forensic Psychology Today
The Clinical Forensic Psychologist
Police Psychology
Crime and Delinquency
Victimology
Correctional Psychology
Psychology and Law or Legal Psychology
Differences between Traditional Clinical Psychology and Forensic Psychology Practice
Tasks of the Clinical Forensic Psychologist
Assessment
Forensic Assessment Tools
Forensically Relevant Assessment Tools
Clinical Measures and Assessment Techniques
Treatment
Treatment of Perpetrators of Crime
Treatment of Victims of Crime
Treatment of Workers in the Field
Consultation and Opinions
Lie Detection
Summary
Ongoing controversies
Key terms learned
Thinking questions
Chapter objective
Understanding Health and the Causation of Diseases
Early Life Influences and Health
Prevention and Management of Chronic Disease
Adherence
Pain
Working with Cardiovascular Disease Patients
Hypertension
Chronic Heart Failure
Heart Transplantation
Restenosis
Working with Cancer Patients
Conclusion
Chapter objectives
A clinical case scenario
The language of pharmacology: Important concepts
Frequently used terms and abbreviations
Types of psychopharmacological medication and areas of application
How arrival of the Internet has changed clinical practice
Some sobering, real-world considerations
Should psychologists have drug prescription privileges?
Conclusion
Chapter objective
Changes in health care
Clinical Training
Prescription privileges
Clinical Psychology, computers and the web
Research in Clinical Psychology
Positive psychology and spirituality
Conclusion
