Literature, Ninth Edition, the most popular introduction of its kind, is organized into three genres-Fiction, Poetry, and Drama.
As in past editions, the authors' collective poetic voice brings personal warmth and a human perspective to the discussion of literature, adding to students' interest in the readings.
Literature, 9/e, the most popular introduction of its kind, is organized into three genres-Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. As in past editions, the authors' collective poetic voice brings personal warmth and a human perspective to the discussion of literature, adding to students' interest in the readings.
X.J. Kennedy, after graduation from Seton Hall and Columbia, became a journalist second class in the Navy (Actually, I was pretty eighth class). His poems, some published in the New Yorker, were first collected in Nude Descending a Staircase (1961). Since then he has written five more collections, several widely adopted literature and writing textbooks, and seventeen books for children, including two novels. He has taught at Michigan, North Carolina (Greensboro), California (Irvine), Wellesley, Tufts, and Leeds. Cited in Bartlett's Familiar Quotations and reprinted in some 200 anthologies, his verse has brought him a Guggenheim fellowship, a Lamont Award, a Los Angeles Times Book Prize, an award from the American Academy for Poetry for Children from the National Council of Teachers of English. He now lives in Lexington, Massachusetts, where he and his wife Dorothy have collaborated on four books and five children.
Dana Gioia is a poet, critic, and teacher. Born in Los Angeles, he attended Stanford and Harvard before taking a detour into business. (Not many poets have a Stanford M.B.A., thank goodness!) After years of writing and reading late in the evenings after work, he quit a vice presidency to write and teach. He has published three collections of poetry: Daily Horoscope (1986); The Gods of Winter (1991); Interrogations at Noon (2001), winner of the 2001 American Book Award; an opera libretto, Nosferatu (2002); several anthologies; and an influential study of poetry?s place in contemporary America, Can Poetry Matter? (1992). Gioia has taught at Johns Hopkins, Sarah Lawrence, Wesleyan (Connecticut), Mercer, and Colorado College. He is also the co-founder of the summer poetry conference at West Chester University in Pennsylvania and a frequent commentator on literature for the British Broadcasting Corporation. He currently lives in Santa Rosa, California, with his wife, Mary, two sons, and an ever growing number of cats.
(The surname Gioia is pronounced JOY-A. As some of you may have already guessed, gioia is the Italian word for joy.)
* Denote selections that are new to this edition. Most chapters conclude with Writing Assignment and Further Suggestions for Writing.
FICTION
1. Reading a Story
Fable, Parable, and Tales
W. Somerset Maugham, The Appointment in Samarra
*Aesop, The Fox and the Grapes
*Bidpai, The Camel and His Friends
Chuang Tzu, Independence
Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Godfather Death
Plot
The Short Story
John Updike A & P
Writer's Perspective
John Updike on Writing, Why Write?
Writing Critically
What's The Plot?
2. Point of View
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
*Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
James Baldwin, Sonny's Blues
Eudora Welty, Why I Live at the P.O
Writer's Perspective
James Baldwin on Writing, Race and the African-American Writer
Writing Critically
How Point of View Shapes a Story
3. Character
Katherine Anne Porter, The Jilting of Granny Weatherall
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Writer's Perspective
Raymond Carver on Writing, Commonplace but Precise Language
Writing Critically
How Character Creates Action
4. Setting
Kate Chopin, The Storm
Jack London, To Build a Fire
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Amy Tan, A Pair of Tickets
Writer's Perspective
Amy Tan on Writing, Setting the Voice
Writing Critically
How Time and Place Set a Story
5. Tone and Style
Ernest Hemingway, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
William Faulkner, Barn Burning
Irony
Guy de Maupassant, The Necklace
Ha Jin, Saboteur
Writer's Perspective
Ernest Hemingway on Writing, The Direct Style
Writing Critically
Be Style Conscious
6. Theme
Stephen Crane, The Open Boat
*Alice Munro, Day of the Butterfly
Luke 15: 11-32, The Parable of the Prodigal Son
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Harrison Bergeron
Writer's Perspective
Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. on Writing, The Themes of Science Fiction
Writing Critically
Stating the Theme
7. Symbol
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
Shirley Jackson, The Lottery
*Elizabeth Tallent, No One's a Mystery
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Writer's Perspective
Ursula K. Le Guin on Writing, On The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
Writing Critically
Recognizing Symbols
Writing Assignment
Student Essay, An Analysis of the Symbolism In Steinbeck's The Chrysanthemums
8. Evaluating a Story
Writing Critically
Know What You're Judging
9. Reading Long Stories and Novels
Leo Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilych
Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis
Writer's Perspective
Franz Kafka on Writing, Discussing The Metamorphosis
Writing Critically
Leaving Things Out
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Kafka's Greatness
10. Two Critical Casebooks: Edgar Allan Poe and Flannery O'Connor
*Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe, The Tell-Tale Heart
*Edgar Allan Poe, The Fall of the House of Usher
*Edgar Allan Poe, The Masque of the Red Death
Edgar Allan Poe on Edgar Allan Poe
*Edgar Allan Poe, The Tale and Its Effect
*Edgar Allan Poe, The Philosophy of Composition
*Edgar Allan Poe, On Imagination
Critics on Edgar Allan Poe
Daniel Hoffman, The Father-Figure in The Tell-Tale Heart
Marie Bonaparte, A Psychoanalytic Reading of The Masque of the Red. Death
*Charles Baudelaire, On Poe's Genius
*James W. Tuttleton, Poe's Quest for Supernal Beauty
Flannery O'Connor
Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People
Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, Revelation
Flannery O'Connor on Flannery O'Connor
Flannery O'Connor, Excerpt from On Her Own Work: The Element of Suspense in A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Flannery O'Connor, On Her Catholic Faith
Flannery O'Connor, Excerpt from The Grotesque in Southern Fiction: The Serious Writer and the Tired Reader
Flannery O'Connor, Yearbook Cartoons
Critics on Flannery O'Connor
Robert Brinkmeyer Jr., Flannery O'Connor and Her Readers
J. O. Tate, A Good Source Is Not So Hard to Find: The Real Life Misfit
Mary Jane Schenck, Deconstructing A Good Man Is Hard to Find
Kathleen Feeley, Comic Perversion in Good Country People
Writing Critically
How One Story Illuminates Another
11. Stories for Further Reading
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men's Path
*Isabel Allende, The Judge's Wife
Anjana Appachana, The Prophecy
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Ambrose Bierce, An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge
Jorge Luis Borges, The Gospel According to Mark
Willa Cather, Paul's Case
John Cheever, The Five-Forty-Eight
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
*Sandra Cisneros, House on Mango Street
Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal
*Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Zora Neale Hurston, Sweat
Kazuo Ishiguro, A Family Supper
James Joyce, Araby
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
D. H. Lawrence, The Rocking-Horse Winner
Bernard Malamud, Angel Levine
Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill
Bobbie Ann Mason, Shiloh
Joyce Carol Oates, Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Tim O'Brien, The Things They Carried
Frank O'Connor, First Confession
Tillie Olsen, I Stand Here Ironing
Leslie Marmon Silko, The Man to Send Rain Clouds
POETRY
12. Reading a Poem
William Butler Yeats, The Lake Isle of Innisfree
Lyric Poetry
D. H. Lawrence, Piano
Adrienne Rich, Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Narrative Poetry
Anonymous, Sir Patrick Spence
Robert Frost, Out, Out
Dramatic Poetry
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Writer's Perspective
Adrienne Rich on Writing, Recalling Aunt Jennifer's Tigers
Writing Critically
Can a Poem be Paraphrased?
William Stafford, Ask Me
William Stafford, A Paraphrase of Ask Me
13. Listening to a Voice
Tone
Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz
Countee Cullen, For a Lady I Know
Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book
Walt Whitman, To a Locomotive in Winter
Emily Dickinson, I like to see it lap the Miles
Benjamin Alire Saenz, To the Desert
Weldon Kees, For My Daughter
The Person in the Poem
*Natasha Trethewey, White Lies
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Luke Havergal
Ted Hughes, Hawk Roosting
William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud
Dorothy Wordsworth, Journal Entry
James Stephens, A Glass of Beer
Anne Sexton, Her Kind
William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow
Irony
Robert Creeley, Oh No
W. H. Auden, The Unknown Citizen
Sharon Olds, Rites of Passage
John Betjeman, In Westminster Abbey
Sarah N. Cleghorn, The Golf Links
*Josephine Miles, Civilian
*Connie Bensley, The Covetous Cat
Thomas Hardy, The Workbox
For Review and Further Study
William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper
*Robert McDowell, At Home with Dollface
William Stafford, At the Un-National Monument Along the Canadian Border
H. L. Hix, I Love the World, As Does Any Dancer
Richard Lovelace, To Lucasta
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Writer's Perspective
Wilfred Owen on Writing, War Poetry
Writing Critically
Paying Attention to the Obvious
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Word Choice, Tone, and Point of View in Roethke's My Papa's Waltz
14. Words
Literal Meaning: What a Poem Says First
William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say
Marianne Moore, Silence
Robert Graves, Down, Wanton, Down
John Donne, Batter my heart, three-personed God, for You
The Value of a Dictionary
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Aftermath
John Clare, Mouse's Nest
J. V. Cunningham, Friend, on this scaffold Thomas More lies dead
Kelly Cherry, Advice to a Friend Who Paints
Carl Sandburg, Grass
Word Choice and Word Order
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes
Kay Ryan, Blandeur
Thomas Hardy, The Ruined Maid
Richard Eberhart, The Fury of Aerial Bombardment
Wendy Cope, Lonely Hearts
For Review and Further Study
E. E. Cummings, anyone lived in a pretty how town
*Billy Collins, The Names
Anonymous, Carnation Milk
William Wordsworth, My heart leaps up when I behold
William Wordsworth, Mutability
Anonymous, Scottsboro
Lewis Carroll, Jabberwocky
Writer's Perspective
Lewis Carroll on Writing, Humpty Dumpty Explicates Jabberwocky
Writing Critically
How Much Difference Does a Word Make?
15. Saying and Suggesting
John Masefield, Cargoes
William Blake, London
Wallace Stevens, Disillusionment of Ten O'Clock
*Gwendolyn Brooks, The Independent Man
Timothy Steele, Epitaph
Geoffrey Hill, Merlin
Walter de la Mare, The Listeners
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice
Clare Rossini, Final Love Note
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Tears, Idle Tears
Richard Wilbur, Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
Writer's Perspective
Richard Wilbur on Writing, Concerning Love Calls Us to the Things of This World
Writing Critically
The Ways a Poem Suggests
16. Imagery
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Taniguchi Buson, The piercing chill I feel
T. S. Eliot, The winter evening settles down
Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Anne Stevenson, The Victory
Charles Simic, Fork
Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence
Jean Toomer, Reapers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty
About Haiku
Arakida Moritake, The falling flower
Matsuo Basho, Heat-lightning streak
Matsuo Basho, In the old stone pool
Taniguchi Buson, On the one-ton temple bell
Taniguchi Buson, I go
Kobayashi Issa, only one guy
Kobayashi Issa, Cricket
*Suiko Matsushita, Rain shower from mountain
*Suiko Matsushita, Cosmos in bloom
*Neiji Ozawa, War forced us from California
*Neiji Ozawa, The war
*Hakuro Wada, Even the croaking of frogs
Etheridge Knight, *Lee Gurga, Penny Harter, John Ridland, Adelle Foley, Jennifer Brutschy, *Connie Bensley, A Selection of Haiku
For Review and Further Study
John Keats, Bright star! would I were steadfast as thou art
Walt Whitman, The Runner
T. E. Hulme, Image
Chana Bloch, Tired Sex
Robert Bly, Driving to Town Late to Mail a Letter
*Gary Snyder, Piute Creek
H. D. , Heat
Louise Gluck, Mock Orange
Billy Collins, Embrace
John Haines, Winter News
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
Writer's Perspective
Ezra Pound on Writing, The Image
Writing Critically
Analyzing Images
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Elizabeth Bishop's Use of Imagery in The Fish
17. Figures of Speech
Why Speak Figuratively?
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Eagle
William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
Howard Moss, Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day?
Metaphor and Simile
Emily Dickinson, My Life had stood - a Loaded Gun
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Flower in the Crannied Wall
William Blake, To see a world in a grain of sand
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
N. Scott Momaday, Simile
Emily Dickinson, It dropped so low - in my Regard
Craig Raine, A Martian Sends a Postcard Home
Other Figures
James Stephens, The Wind
Chidiock Tichborne, Elegy, Written with His Own Hand in the Tower Before His Execution
Margaret Atwood, You fit into me
John Ashbery, The Cathedral Is
George Herbert, The Pulley
*Louis MacNiece, Plain Speaking
For Review and Further Study
Robert Frost, The Silken Tent
Denise Levertov, Leaving Forever
Jane Kenyon, The Suitor
Robert Frost, The Secret Sits
*H. D., Love That I Bear
A. R. Ammons, Coward
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Robinson Jeffers, Hands
Robert Burns, Oh, my love is like a red, red rose
Writer's Perspective
Robert Frost on Writing, The Importance of Poetic Metaphor
Writing Critically
How Metaphors Enlarge a Poem's Meaning
18. Song
Singing and Saying
Ben Jonson, To Celia
Anonymous, The Cruel Mother
William Shakespeare, Take, O, take those lips away
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory
Paul Simon, Richard Cory
Ballads
Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan
Dudley Randall, Ballad of Birmingham
Blues
Bessie Smith with Clarence Williams, Jailhouse Blues
W. H. Auden, Funeral Blues
Rap
Run D.M.C., from Peter Piper
For Review and Further Study
John Lennon and Paul McCartney, Eleanor Rigby
Bob Dylan, The Times They Are a-Changin'
*Gwendolyn Brooks, Queen of the Blues
Writer's Perspective
Paul McCartney on Writing, Creating Eleanor Rigby
Writing Critically
Is There a Difference Between Poetry and Song?
19. Sound
Sound as Meaning
Alexander Pope, True Ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance
William Butler Yeats, Who Goes with Fergus?
John Updike, Recital
William Wordsworth, A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Emanuel di Pasquale, Rain
Aphra Behn, When Maidens Are Young
Alliteration and Assonance
A. E. Housman, Eight O'Clock
Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Voice
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The splendor falls on castle walls
Rime
William Cole, On my boat on Lake Cayuga
James Reeves, Rough Weather
Hilaire Belloc, The Hippopotamus
William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan
Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur
Fred Chappell, Narcissus and Echo
Robert Frost, Desert Places
Reading and Hearing Poems Aloud
Michael Stillman, In Memoriam John Coltrane
William Shakespeare, Full fathom five thy father lies
Chryss Yost, Lai with Sounds of Skin
T. S. Eliot, Virginia
Writer's Perspective
T. S. Eliot on Writing, The Music of Poetry
Writing Critically
Is it Possible to Write about Sound?
20. Rhythm
Stresses and Pauses
Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Break, Break, Break
Ben Jonson, Slow, slow, fresh fount, keep time with my salt tears
Alexander Pope, Atticus
Sir Thomas Wyatt, With serving still
Dorothy Parker, Resume
Meter
Max Beerbohm, On the imprint of the first English edition of The Works of Max Beerbohm
Thomas Campion, Rose-cheeked Laura, come
Vachel Lindsay, Factory Windows Are Always Broken
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Counting-out Rhyme
A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty
*William Carlos Williams, Heel & Toe to the End
Walt Whitman, Beat! Beat! Drums!
David Mason, Song of the Powers
Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie
Writer's Perspective
Gwendolyn Brooks on Writing, Hearing We Real Cool
Writing Critically
Freeze-Framing the Sound
21. Closed Form
Formal Patterns
John Keats, This living hand, now warm and capable
Robert Graves, Counting the Beats
John Donne, Song (Go and catch a falling star)
Phillis Levin, Brief Bio
Ronald Gross, Yield
The Sonnet
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds
Michael Drayton, Since there's no help, come let us kiss and part
Edna St. Vincent Millay, What lips my lips have kissed, and where, and why
Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night
Kim Addonizio, First Poem for You
Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet: After the Praying
R. S. Gwynn, Scenes from the Playroom
Timothy Steele, Summer
A. E. Stallings, Sine Qua Non
The Epigram
Alexander Pope, Sir John Harrington, Robert Herrick, William Blake, E. E. Cummings, Langston Hughes, J. V. Cunningham, John Frederick Nims, Stevie Smith, Brad Leithauser, Dick Davis, Anonymous, Hilaire Belloc, Wendy Cope, A selection of epigrams
W. H. Auden, Edmund Clerihew Bentley, Cornelius Ter Maat, Clerihews
Other Forms
Robert Pinsky, ABC
Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night
Robert Bridges, Triolet
Elizabeth Bishop, Sestina
Writer's Perspective
Robert Graves on Writing, Poetic Inspiration and Poetic Form
Writing Critically
Turning Points
22. Open Form
Denise Levertov, Ancient Stairway
E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill 's
W. S. Merwin, For the Anniversary of My Death
William Carlos Williams, The Dance
Stephen Crane, The Heart
Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford
Ezra Pound, The Garret
Wallace Stevens, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
Carolyn Forche, The Colonel
Visual Poetry
George Herbert, Easter Wings
John Hollander, Swan and Shadow
Terry Ehret, from Papyrus
Dorthi Charles, Concrete Cat
Seeing the Logic of Open Form Verse
E. E. Cummings, in Just-
Lucille Clifton, Homage to my hips
Carole Satyamurti, I Shall Paint My Nails Red
Alice Fulton, What I Like
Writer's Perspective
Walt Whitman on Writing, The Poetry of the Future
Writing Critically
Lining Up for Free Verse
23. Symbol
T. S. Eliot, The Boston Evening Transcript
Emily Dickinson, The Lightning is a yellow Fork
Thomas Hardy, Neutral Tones
Matthew 13:24-30, The Parable of the Good Seed
*George Herbert, The World
John Ciardi, Most Like an Arch This Marriage
Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken
Christina Rossetti, Uphill
*Gjertrud Schnackenberg, Supernatural Love
For Review and Further Study
Robinson Jeffers, The Beaks of Eagles
Sara Teasdale, The Flight
*William Carlos Williams, The Term
Ted Kooser, Carrie
Rafael Campo, What the Body Told
*Jon Stallworthy, An Evening Walk
Lorine Niedecker, Popcorn-can cover
Wallace Stevens, Anecdote of the Jar
Writer's Perspective
William Butler Yeats On Writing, Poetic Symbols
Writing Critically
How to Read a Symbol
24. Myth and Narrative
Robert Frost, Nothing Gold Can Stay
D. H. Lawrence, Bavarian Gentians
Thomas Hardy, The Oxen
William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us
H. D., Helen
Archetype
Louise Bogan, Medusa
Personal Myth
William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming
Jonathan Holden, The Names of the Rapids
James Dickey, The Heaven of Animals
Diane Thiel, Memento Mori in Middle School
Myth and Popular Culture
Charles Martin, Taken Up
A. D. Hope, Imperial Adam
Anne Sexton, Cinderella
Writer's Perspective
Anne Sexton On Writing, Transforming Fairy Tales
Writing Critically
Demystifying Myth
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, The Bonds Between Love and Hatred in H. D.'s Helen
25. Poetry and Personal Identity
Sylvia Plath, Lady Lazarus
Julia Alvare, The women on my mother's side were known
Culture, Race, and Ethnicity
Claude McKay, America
Rhina P. Espaillat, Bilingual / Bilingue
Samuel Menashe, The Shrine Whose Shape I Am
Francisco X. Alarcon, The X in My Name
Wendy Rose, For the White Poets Who Would Be Indian
*Sherman Alexie, Indian Boy Love Song (#1)
Yusef Komunyakaa, Facing It
Gender
Anne Stevenson, Sous-Entendu
Emily Grosholz, Listening
Donald Justice, Men at Forty
Adrienne Rich, Women
For Review and Further Study
*Shirley Geok-lin Lim, Learning to Love America
Andrew Hudgins, Elegy for My Father, Who Is Not Dead
Judith Ortiz Cofer, Quinceanera
Alastair Reid, Speaking a Foreign Language
Philip Larkin, Aubade
Writer's Perspective
*Rhina P. Espaillat on Writing
Writing Critically
Poetic Voice and Personal Identity
26. Translation
Is Poetic Translation Possible?
*Rainer Maria Rilke, Eingang
*Rainer Maria Rilke, translated by Dana Gioia, Entrance
World Poetry
Li Po, Drinking Alone Beneath the Moon (Chinese text)
Li Po, Moon-beneath Alone Drink (literal translation)
Li Po, translated by Arthur Waley, Drinking Alone by Moonlight
Horace, Carpe Diem Odes I (11)
Horace, translated by Edwin Arlington Robinson, James
Michie,*A. E. Stallings, Odes I
Omar Khayyam, Rubai
Omar Khayyam, translated by Edward FitzGerald, Robert Graves and Omar Ali-Shah, Dick Davis, Rubai
Parody
Anonymous, We four lads from Liverpool are
*Wendy Cope, A Nursery Rhyme (as it might have been written by William Wordsworth)
Hugh Kingsmill, What, still alive at twenty-two?
Bruce Bennett, The Lady Speaks Again
Gene Fehler, If Richard Lovelace Became a Free Agent
Aaron Abeyta, thirteen ways of looking at a tortilla
Writer's Perspective
*Arthur Waley on Writing, The Art of Translation
Writing Critically
Parody Is the Sincerest Form of Flattery
27. *Critical Casebook: Latin American Poetry
Sor Juana
*Asegura la Confianza de que Ocultura de Todo un Secreto. *Translated by Diane Thiel, She Promises to Hold a Secre in Confidence
*Presente en que el Carino Hace Regalo la Llaneza. *Translated by Diane Thiel, A Simple Gift Made Rich by Affection
Pablo Neruda
Muchos Somos. *Translated by Alastair Reid, We Are Many
*Cien Sonetos de Amor (V). *Translated by Stephen Tapscott, One Hundred Love Sonnets (V)
Jorge Luis Borges
*Amorosa Anticipacion. *Translated by Robert Fitzgerald, Anticipation of Love
*Los Engimas. *Translated by John Updike, The Enigmas
Octavio Paz
Con Los Ojos Cerrados. Translated by John Felstiner, With Our Eyes Shut
*Certeza. *Translated by Charles Tomlinson, Certainty
Surrealism in Latin American Poetry
*Frida Kahlo, Two Friedas
*Cesar Vallejo, La Colera que Quiebra al Hombre en Ninos
*Cesar Vallejo, translated by Thomas Merton, Anger
*Olga Orozco, La Realidad y el Deseo
*Olga Orozco, translated by Stephen Tapscott, Reality and Desire
For Review and Further Study
*Alfonsina Storni, Peso Ancestral
*Alfonsina Storni, translated by Diane Thiel, Ancestral Burden
*Jose Emilio Pacheco, Alta Traicion
*Jose Emilio Pacheco, translated by Alastair Reid, High Treason
Latin American Poets on Poetry
*Sor Juana, Respuesta
*Pablo Neruda, Towards the Splendid City
*Jorge Luis Borges, The Riddle of Poetry
*Octavio Paz, European Languages and the Literature of the Americas
Critics on Latin American Poetry
*Stephanie Merrim, Endgames: Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz
*Alastair Reid, Translating Neruda
*Emir Rodriguez Monegal, Borges and Paz
Suggestions for Writing
28. Recognizing Excellence
Anonymous, O Moon, when I gaze on thy beautiful face
Grace Treasone, Life
Emily Dickinson, A Dying Tiger - moaned for Drink
Rod McKuen, Thoughts on Capital Punishment
William Stafford, Traveling Through the Dark
Wallace McRae, Reincarnation
Recognizing Excellence
William Butler Yeats, Sailing to Byzantium
Arthur Guiterman, On the Vanity of Earthly Greatness
Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias
Robert Hayden, The Whipping
Elizabeth Bishop, One Art
*W. H. Auden, September 1, 1939
Walt Whitman, O Captain! My Captain!
Carl Sandburg, Fog
Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
Writer's Perspective
Edgar Allan Poe on Writing, A Long Poem Does Not Exist
Writing Critically
How to Begin Evaluating a Poem
29. What is Poetry?
Archibald MacLeish, Ars Poetica
Dante, Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Thomas Carlyle, Thomas Hardy, Emily Dickinson, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, Mina Loy, T. S. Eliot, W. H. Auden, J. V. Cunningham, Elizabeth Bishop, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, William Stafford, Gwendolyn Brooks, Robert Bly, Some Definitions of Poetry
Ha Jin, Missed Time
30. Two Critical Casebooks: Emily Dickinson and Langston Hughes
Emily Dickinson
Success is counted sweetest
Wild Nights-Wild Nights
*There's a certain Slant of light
I Felt a Funeral, in my Brain
I'm Nobody! Who are you?
The Soul selects her own Society
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church
After great pain, a formal feeling comes
*Much Madness is divinest Sense
This is my letter to the World
I heard a Fly buzz-when I died
I started Early-Took my Dog
Because I could not stop for Death
The Bustle in a House
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant
Emily Dickinson on Emily Dickinson
Emily Dickinson, Recognizing Poetry
Emily Dickinson, Self-Description
Critics on Emily Dickinson
Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Meeting Emily Dickinson
Thomas H. Johnson, The Discovery of Emily Dickinson's Manuscripts
Richard Wilbur, The Three Privations of Emily Dickinson
Cynthia Griffin Wolff, Dickinson and Death (A Reading of Because I could not stop for Death.
Judith Farr, A Reading of My Life had stood-a Loaded Gun
Langston Hughes
The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Mother to Son
Dream Variations
I, Too
The Weary Blues
Song for a Dark Girl
*Desire
*Prayer
Battle of the Landlord
End
Island
Ballad of the Landlord
Theme for English B
Subway Rush Hour
Sliver
Harlem [Dream Deferred]
Langston Hughes on Langston Hughes
Langston Hughes, The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain
Langston Hughesm, The Harlem Renaissance
Critics on Langston Hughes
Arnold Rampersad, Hughes as an Experimentalist
Rita Dove and Marilyn Nelson, Langston Hughes and Harlem
Darryl Pinckney, Black Identity in Langston Hughes
Peter Townsend, Langston Hughes and Jazz
Onwuchekwa Jemie, A Reading of Dream Deferred
Suggestions for Writing
31. Poems for Further Reading
*Anonymous, Lord Randall
Anonymous, The Three Ravens
Anonymous, The Twa Corbies
Anonymous, Western Wind
Anonymous, Last Words of the Prophet (Navajo Mountain Chant)
Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach
John Ashbery, At North Farm
*Margaret Atwood, Romantic
W. H. Auden, As I Walked Out One Evening
W. H. Auden, Musee des Beaux Arts
Elizabeth Bishop, Filling Station
William Blake, The Tyger
William Blake, The Sick Rose
Eavan Boland, Anorexic
Gwendolyn Brooks, The Mother
*Gwendolyn Brooks, the preacher: ruminates behind the sermon
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways
Robert Browning, Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister
Geoffrey Chaucer, Merciless Beauty
G. K. Chesterton, The Donkey
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan
*Billy Collins, Care & Feeding
Hart Crane, My Grandmother's Love Letters
E. E. Cummings, somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond
John Donne, Death be not proud
John Donne, The Flea
John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning
*Rita Dove, Summit Beach, 1921
John Dryden, To the Memory of Mr. Oldham
T. S. Eliot, Journey of the Magi
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
Louise Erdrich, Indian Boarding School: The Runaways
*B. H. Fairchild, A Starlit Night
Robert Frost, Birches
Robert Frost, Mending Wall
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Dana Gioia, California Hills in August
Thom Gunn, The Man with Night Sweats
Donald Hall, Names of Horses
Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain
*Thomas Hardy, The Darkling Thrush
Thomas Hardy, Hap
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Seamus Heaney, Digging
Seamus Heaney, Mother of the Groom
Anthony Hecht, Adam
George Herbert, Love
Robert Herrick, To the Virgins to Make Much of Time
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Spring and Fall
*Gerard Manley Hopkins, No worst, there is none
Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover
A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now
A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young
Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner
Robinson Jeffers, To the Stone-cutters
Ben Jonson, On My First Son
*Donald Justice, Counting the Mad
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be
John Keats, To Autumn
Philip Larkin, Home is so Sad
Philip Larkin, Poetry of Departures
Irving Layton, The Bull Calf
*Philip Levine, They Feed, They Lion
*Adrien Louis, Looking for Judas
Robert Lowell, Skunk Hour
Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress
*James Merrill, Kite Poem
Charlotte Mew, The Farmer's Bride
Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo
*John Milton, How soon hath time
John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent
Marianne Moore, Poetry
Frederick Morgan, The Master
Marilyn Nelson, A Strange Beautiful Woman
Howard Nemerov, The War in the Air
Lorine Niedecker, Sorrow Moves in Wide Waves
Yone Noguchi, A Selection of Hokku
Sharon Olds, The One Girl at the Boys' Party
Wilfred Owen, Anthem for Doomed Youth
Linda Pastan, Ethics
Robert Phillips, Running on Empty
Sylvia Plath, Daddy
*Edgar Allan Poe, A Dream within a Dream
Alexander Pope, A little Learning is a dang'rous Thing
Ezra Pound, The River-Merchant's Wife: a Letter
Dudley Randall, A Different Image
John Crowe Ransom, Piazza Piece
Henry Reed, Naming of Parts
Adrienne Rich, Living in Sin
Adrienne Rich, Power
Edwin Arlington Robinson, Miniver Cheevy
Theodore Roethke, Elegy for Jane
Mary Jo Salter, Welcome to Hiroshima
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes
William Shakespeare, Not marble nor the gilded monuments
*William Shakespeare, Weary with toil I haste me to my bed
William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold
William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun
Louis Simpson, American Poetry
David R. Slavitt, Titanic
Christopher Smart, For I will consider my Cat Jeoffry
William Jay Smith, American Primitive
Cathy Song, Stamp Collecting
*William Stafford, The Farm on the Great Plains
Wallace Stevens, Peter Quince at the Clavier
Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream
Ruth Stone, Second Hand Coat
Jonathan Swift, A Description of the Morning
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Dark house, by which once more I stand
Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses
Dylan Thomas, Fern Hill
John Updike, Ex-Basketball Player
*Amy Uyematsu, The Ten Million Flames of Los Angeles
Derek Walcott, The Virgins
Edmund Waller, Go, Lovely Rose
Walt Whitman, A Noiseless Patient Spider
*Walt Whitman, I Hear America Singing
Richard Wilbur, The Writer
*C. K. Williams, Elms
William Carlos Williams, Spring and All
William Carlos Williams, To Waken an Old Lady
William Wordsworth, Composed upon Westminster Bridge
James Wright, A Blessing
James Wright, Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio
Mary Sidney Wroth, In This Strange Labyrinth
Sir Thomas Wyatt, They flee from me that sometime did me seke
William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop
William Butler Yeats, The Magi
William Butler Yeats, When You Are Old
32. Lives of the Poets
DRAMA
33. Reading a Play
A Play in Its Elements
Susan Glaspell, Trifle
Tragedy
John Millington Synge, Riders to the Sea
Comedy
David Ives, Sure Thing
*Jane Martin, Beauty
Writer's Perspective
Susan Glaspell on Drama, Creating Trifles
Writing Critically
Conflict Resolution
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Outside Trifles
34. Critical Casebook: Sophocles
The Theater of Sophocles
Staging
The Civic Role of Greek Drama
Aristotle's Concept of Tragedy
Sophocles
Plays
The Origins of Oedipus the King
Sophocles, Oedipus the King (Translated by Robert Fagles)
The Background of Antigone
Sophocles, Antigone (Translated by Robert Fagles)
Robert Fitzgerald on Sophocles
Robert Fitzgerald, Translating Sophocles
Critics on Sophocles
Aristotle, Defining Tragedy
Sigmund Freud, The Oedipus Complex
E. R. Dodds, On Misunderstanding Oedipus
A. E. Haigh, The Irony of Sophocles
Patricia M. Line, Antigone's Flaw
Writing Critically
Some Things Change. Some Things Don't
35. Critical Casebook: Shakespeare
The Theater of Shakespeare
William Shakespeare
Plays
A Note on Othello
William Shakespearem, Othello, the Moor of Venice
The Background of Hamlet
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
The Background of A Midsummer Night's Dream
William Shakespeare, A Midsummer Night's Dream
Ben Jonson on Shakespeare
Ben Jonson, On His Friend And Rival William Shakespeare
Critics on Shakespeare
A. C. Bradley, Hamlet's Character
Rebecca West, Hamlet and Ophelia
Jan Kott, Producing Hamlet
Joel Wingard, Reader-Response Issues in Hamlet
W. H. Auden, Iago as a Triumphant Villain
Maud Bodkin, Lucifer on Shakespeare's Othello
Virginia Mason Vaughan, Black and White in Othello
Anthony Burgess, An Asian Culture Looks at Shakespeare
John Russell Brown, Recognizing Love in A Midsummer Night's Dream
Germaine Greer, Shakespeare's Honest Mirth
Linda Bamber, Female Power in A Midsummer Night's Dream
Writing Critically
Breaking the Language Barrier
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Othello: Tragedy or Soap Opera?
36. The Modern Theater
Realism and Naturalism
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll's House (Translated by James McFarlane)
Writer's Perspective
George Bernard Shaw on Drama, Ibsen and the Familiar Situation
Tragicomedy and the Absurd
Milcha Sanchez-Scott, The Cuban Swimmer
Writer's Perspective
Milcha Sanchez-Scott on Drama, Writing The Cuban Swimmer
Writing Critically
What's so Realistic about Realism?
Writing Assignment: Student Essay, Helmer vs. Helmer
37. Evaluating a Play
Writing Critically
Critical Performance
38. Plays for Further Reading
Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
Writer's Perspective
Arthur Miller on Drama, Tragedy and the Common Man.
Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie
Writer's Perspective
Tennessee Williams on Drama, How to Stage The Glass Menagerie
39. New Voices in American Drama
*Beth Henley , Am I Blue?
Writer's Perspective
*Beth Henley on Drama, A Playwright is Born?
David Henry Hwang, The Sound of a Voice
Writer's Perspective
David Henry Hwang on Drama, Multicultural Theater
Terrence McNally, Andre's Mother
Writer's Perspective
Terrence McNally on Drama, How to Write a Play
August Wilson , Joe Turner's Come and Gone
Writer's Perspective
August Wilson On Drama , Black Experience in America
WRITING
40. Writing About Literature
Beginning
Keeping a Journal
Using Sources and Maintaining Academic Integrity
Using Critical Sources and Maintaining Academic Integrity
Discovering Essay Ideas
Drafting and Revising, or Creativty vs. Analysis
The Form of Your Finished Paper
Using Spell-Check and Grammar-Check Programs
Anonymous (after a poem by Jerrold H. Zar), A Little Poem Regarding Computer Spell Checkers
41. Writing About a Story
Explicating
Sample Student Essay (Explication)
Analyzing
Sample Student Essay (Analysis)
Sample Student Card Report
Comparing and Contrasting
42. Writing About a Poem
Explicating
Robert Frost, Design
Sample Student Essay (Explication)
Analyzing
Sample Student Essay (Analysis)
Comparing and Contrasting
Abbie Huston Evans, Wing-Spread
Sample Student Essay (Comparison)
How to Quote a Poem
Before You Begin
Robert Frost, In White (early draft of Design)
43. Writing About a Play
Methods
How to Quote a Play
Writing a Card Report
Sample Student Card Report
Reviewing a Play
Sample Student Drama Review
*44. Writing a Research Paper
Doing Research for an Essay
Evaluating and Using Internet Sources
Guarding Academic Integrity
Acknowledging and Documenting Sources
Concluding Thoughts
Reference Guide for Citations
45. Critical Approaches to Literature
Formalist Criticism
Cleanth Brooks, The Formalist Critic
Michael Clark, Light and Darkness in Sonny's Blues
Robert Langbaum, On Robert Browning's My Last Duchess
Biographical Criticism
Virginia Llewellyn Smith, Chekhov's Attitude to Romantic Love
Brett C. Millier, On Elizabeth Bishop's One Art
Emily Toth, Scandal and Kate Chopin
Historical Criticism
Hugh Kenner, Imagism
Joseph Moldenhauer, To His Coy Mistress and the Renaissance Tradition
Barbara T. Christian , Heritage in Everyday Use
Psychological Criticism
Sigmund Freud, The Nature of Dreams
Gretchen Schulz and R. J. R. Rockwood , Fairy Tales and Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?
Harold Bloom, Poetic Influence
Mythological Criticism
C. G. Jung, The Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
Northrop Frye, Mythic Archetypes
Edmond Volpe, Myth in Faulkner's Barn Burning
Sociological Criticism
Georg Lukacs, Content Determines Form
Daniel P. Watkin, Money and Labor in The Rocking-Horse Winner
Alfred Kazin, Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln
Gender Criticism
Elaine Showalter, Toward a Feminist Poetics
Juliann Fleenor, Gender and Pathology in The Yellow Wallpaper
Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, The Freedom of Emily Dickinson
Reader-Response Criticism
Stanley Fish, An Eskimo A Rose for Emily
Robert Scholes, How Do We Make a Poem?
Michael J. Colacurcio, The End of Young Goodman Brown
Deconstructionist Criticism
Roland Barthes, The Death of the Author
Barbara Johnson, Rigorous Unreliability
Geoffrey Hartman, On Wordsworth's A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal
Cultural Studies
Vincent B. Leitch, Poststructuralist Cultural Critique
Mark Bauerlein, What is Cultural Studies?
Heather Glen, The Stance of Observation in William Blake's London