Preface xv
1 Introduction to Perovskite 1
Tianwei Duan, Ivan Mora-Sero, and Yuanyuan Zhou
1.1 Evolution of Perovskite 1
1.2 Structure of Perovskite 2
1.3 Property and Application of Perovskite 4
1.4 Summary and Outlook 7
2 Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 9
Clara Aranda-Alonso and Michael Saliba
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Crystal Structure 9
2.3 Synthesis Methods 14
2.4 Optoelectronic Properties of Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 21
2.5 Applications 29
3 Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals 49
Samrat Das Adhikari, Andres F. Gualdron-Reyes, and Ivan Mora-Sero
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Methodology 51
3.3 Quantum Confinement Effect 57
3.4 Solution-processed Halide Exchange 59
3.5 Post-synthesis Defect Recovery 61
3.6 Different Shapes of the Nanocrystals 62
3.7 Doping in Perovskite Nanocrystals 64
3.8 Lead-free Perovskite Nanocrystals 69
3.9 Summary 70
4 Dimensionality Modulation in Halide Perovskites 79
Akriti, Jee Yung Park, Shuchen Zhang, and Letian Dou
4.1 Classification of Low-Dimensional Perovskites 79
4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Morphological Low-Dimensional (ABX3) Halide Perovskites 80
4.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Molecular Low-Dimensional (Non-ABX3) Halide Perovskites 83
4.4 Applications of Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites 101
4.5 Current Challenges and Prospects of Low-Dimensional Halide
5 Halide Double Perovskites 115
Carina Pareja-Rivera, Dulce Zugasti-Fernandez, Paul Olalde-Velasco, and Diego Solis-Ibarra
5.1 Definition and Structure 116
5.2 Properties 118
5.3 Applications in Solar Cells and LEDs 123
5.4 Other Applications 126
5.5 Related Materials: Layered Double Perovskites and Vacancy Ordered Double Perovskites 132
5.6 Conclusions 135
6 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 147
Xianyuan Jiang, Zihao Zang, and Zhijun Ning
6.1 Introduction 147
6.2 Tin Perovskite Properties 148
6.3 Perovskite Composition Engineering 151
6.4 Additives Manipulation 155
6.5 Device Architecture Engineering 156
6.6 Conclusion 158
7 Fundamentals and Synthesis Methods of Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films 165
Mingwei Hao, Tanghao Liu, Yalan Zhang, Tianwei Duan, and Yuanyuan Zhou
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Fundamentals of MHPs Thin Films 166
7.3 Thin Film Growth Mechanism 173
7.4 One-step Growth 180
7.5 Two-step Growth 186
7.6 Scalable Growth Methods 192
7.7 Postdeposition Treatments 200
7.8 Summary 203
8 First Principles Atomistic Theory of Halide Perovskites 215
Linn Leppert
8.1 Introduction: What I Talk About When I Talk About First Principles Calculations of Halide Perovskites 215
8.2 Structural Properties 217
8.3 Optoelectronic Properties 231
8.4 Concluding Remarks: First Person Singular 242
9 Comparing the Charge Dynamics in MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 Using Microwave Photoconductance Measurements 251
Tom J. Savenije, Jiashang Zhao, and Valentina M. Caselli
9.1 Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity 251
9.2 Global Modeling of TRMC Data 254
9.3 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 255
9.4 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 with Charge Selective
10 Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 263
Jia Wei Melvin Lim, Yue Wang, and Tze Chien Sum
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Hot Carrier Cooling Mechanisms 265
10.3 Slow Hot Carrier Cooling in Halide Perovskites 266
10.4 Utilizing Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 275
10.5 Multiple Exciton Generation 280
10.6 Multiple Exciton Generation Mechanisms 283
10.7 Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 289
10.8 Utilizing Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 296
10.9 Conclusion and Outlook 299
11 Ionic Transport in Perovskite Semiconductors 305
Wenke Zhou, Yicheng Zhao, and Qing Zhao
11.1 Theoretical Basis of Ionic Transport 305
11.2 Characterizations of Ionic Transport 306
11.3 Mobile Ions in Perovskite Film Under Electric Field 309
11.4 The Factors Affecting Ionic Transport in Perovskites 311
11.5 The Impact of Ionic Transport on Perovskite Films and Devices 318
11.6 Summary and Outlook 322
12 Light Emission of Halide Perovskites 329
David O. Tiede, Juan F. Galisteo-Lopez, and Hernan Miguez
12.1 Introduction 329
12.2 Charge-Carrier Recombination in Lead-Halide Perovskites 330
12.3 Photoinduced Effects on Charge Carrier Recombination 338
12.4 Lasing in Lead-Halide Perovskites 341
12.5 Conclusions 345
13 Epitaxy and Strain Engineering of Halide Perovskites 351
Yang Hu, Jie Jiang, Lifu Zhang, Yunfeng Shi, and Jian Shi
13.1 Introduction 351
13.2 Epitaxy of Thin Film and Nanostructures 353
13.2.1 Epitaxial Substrates 353
13.2.2 Epitaxial Growth and Defects Formation Mechanisms 355
13.2.3 Experimental Progresses 358
13.3 Strain Engineering 360
13.3.1 Theoretical Progresses 361
13.3.2 Experimental Progresses 363
13.4 Opportunities and Challenges 365
Acknowledgments 366
References 367
14 Electron Microscopy of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials 377
Mathias U. Rothmann, Wei Li, and Zhiwei Tao
14.1 Introduction 377
14.2 Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy 377
14.3 Signal Generation 379
14.4 SEM 381
14.5 Conclusions 406
15 In Situ Characterization of Halide Perovskite Synthesis 411
Maged Abdelsamie, Tim Kodalle, Mriganka Singh, and Carolin M. Sutter-Fella
15.1 Introduction 411
15.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering and Fluorescence Techniques 412
15.3 In Situ Optical Spectroscopy 423
15.4 Examples of In Situ Multimodal Characterization During Solution-Based Fabrication 430
15.5 Probing BeamSample Interaction 435
15.6 Summary and Outlook 437
16 Multimodal Characterization of Halide Perovskites: From the Macro to the Atomic Scale 443
Tiarnan A. S. Doherty and Samuel D. Stranks
16.1 Introduction 443
16.2 Early Multimodal CharacterizationWork 445
16.3 Recent Multimodal Characterization 450
16.4 Pressing Challenges and Opportunities 464
16.5 Outlook and Opportunities 471
References 475
Index 483
