IntroductionAcknowledgments1 Crystals and Piezo-Electric Ceramics 1.1 Quartz Crystals 1.2 Piezo-Ceramic References2 Electromechanical Components 2.1 Relays (Conventional Armature) 2.2 Latching (Bistable) Relays 2.3 Reed Relays 2.4 Mercury-Wetted Reed Relays 2.5 Contact Protection 2.6 Manually Operated Switches 2.7 Electrical Connectors References3 Electrical Cables 3.1 Voice-Frequency (Audio) Cables 3.2 Coaxial Cables 3.3 Data Transmission Cables References4 Fiber Optic Components 4.1 Fiber Optic Cables 4.2 Couplers and Connectors 4.3 Optical Transmitters 4.4 Optical Detectors References5 Transducers 5.1 Loudspeakers 5.2 Microphones 5.3 Telephone Handset 5.4 Hall Effect Devices References6 Attenuators and Equalizers 6.1 Voltage Dividers 6.2 T and p Attenuators 6.3 Bridged-T Attenuators 6.4 Ladder Attenuators 6.5 Practical Considerations 6.6 Attenuation Equalizers 6.7 Phase Equalizers References7 Filters 7.1 Passive LC Filter Types 7.2 Impedance and Frequency Scaling 7.3 Butterworth Low-Pass Design 7.4 Chebyshev Low-Pass Design 7.5 Cauer (Eelliptic) Low-Pass Design 7.6 Bessel Low-Pass Design 7.7 Practical Values and Approximations 7.8 Dual Networks 7.9 High-Pass Filters 7.10 Band-Pass Filters 7.11 Band-Stop Filters 7.12 Crystal Filters 7.13 Active Filters 7.14 Active Low-Pass Design 7.15 Active High-Pass Filters 7.16 Active Band-Pass Filters 7.17 Active Band-stop Filter 7.18 Switched Capacitor Filters 7.19 Digital Filters 7.20 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Filters References8 Repeaters 8.1 Underground Repeaters 8.2 Submerged Repeaters 8.3 Digital Regenerators References9 Signal sources 9.1 Atomic Standards 9.2 Quartz Standards 9.3 Synthesizers 9.4 LC and RC Oscillators 9.5 Off-air Frequency Standards Reference10 Modulators and Demodulators 10.1 Amplitude Modulation 10.2 Frequency Modulation 10.3 Phase Modulation 10.4 Vector Modulation 10.5 AM Detectors 10.6 FM Detectors 10.7 Phase Detectors References11 Modems 11.1 Overview 11.2 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK 11.3 Phase Modulation 11.4 Amplitude Modulation 11.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 11.6 Modem Connections 11.7 Integrated Circuits for Modems 11.8 Modem Delay Time References12 Multiplexers, Concentrators and Front-End Processors 12.1 Frequency Division Multiplexer (FDM) 12.2 Time Division Multiplexer (TDM) 12.3 Concentrators 12.4 Front-end Processors (FEPs) References13 Speech Digitizers 13.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) 13.2 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 13.3 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 13,4 Speech Codecs 13.5 Video Digitizers References14 Organization and Standards 14.1 Network Operators 14.2 Office of Telecommunications (Oftel) 14.3 Interface and Performance Standards 14.4 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 14.5 The ITU, CCITT and CCIR 14.6 CEN/CENELEC and CEPT 14.7 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 14.8 Conformance Testing and Certification 14.9 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 14.10 Traceability and Manufacturing Approval 14.11 Measurement Standards 14.12 Reliability and Failure Statistics References15 Local Line Terminal Equipment 15.1 Constraints 15.2 Telephones 15.3 Payphones 15.4 Cordless Telephones CT1, CT2 15.5 Answering Machines 15.6 Telex Networks 15.7 Telex via the PSTN and Private Lines 15.8 Alphanumeric Displays - Videotext 15.9 Facsimile 15.10 Computer Data 15.11 Introduction of ISDN References16 PBXs, LANs, WANs and VANs 16.1 Business Networks 16.2 Small Office Systems 16.3 Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs) 16.4 Analogue Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs) 16.5 Digital PABXs 16.6 Local-Area Networks (LANs) 16.7 Ethernet 16.8 Cambridge or Slotted Ring 16.9 Token-Passing Techniques 16.10 Wideband Systems 16.11 Wide-Area Networks (WANs) 16.12 Value-Added Networks (VANs) 16.13 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANS) References17 Mobiles and Paging Networks 17.1 Types of Mobile 17.2 CT2 17.3 Local Private Mobile Radio 17.4 Trunked PMR 17.5 Analogue Cellular Systems 17.6 Digital Cellular Systems - GSM 17.7 Digital Cordless Systems (DECT), CT3 17.8 Personal Communications Networks 17.9 Paging References18 Transmission Over the PSTN 18.1 Simplex, Half Duplex and Duplex 18.2 Bipolar and Unipolar Digital Signals 18.3 Multilevel Signals and the Gray Code 18.4 Alternate Mark Inversion and High-Density Bipolar 18.5 Coded Mark Inversion (CMI) 18.6 Cross-Talk 18.7 Echo Suppression and Cancellation 18.8 Circuit and Packet Switching 18.9 Security 18.10 Error Control and Correction 18.11 Transparency References19 Multiplex Grouping 19.1 Frequency Division Multiplex - Basic Group 19.2 FDM Supergroup 19.3 FDM Hypergroup (UK) 19.4 FDM Hypergroups (or Mastergroups) 19.5 Time Division Multiplex 64 kbit/s Baseband Signal 19.6 TDM - Level 1 (Primary) Multiplex 2048 kbit/s 19.7 TDM 8 Mbit/s 19.8 TDM 8-34, 34-140 and 8-120 Mbit/s 19.9 TDM 140-560 Mbit/s 19.10 FDM-TDM Transition Equipment 19.11 Multiplexing Time Delay 19.12 Synchronous Multiplexing References20 The Infrastructure 20.1 Channel Capacity of Wire Cables 20.2 Channel Capacity of Fiber Optic Links 20.3 Radio Links 20.4 Submarine Cable Links 20.5 Asynchronous and Synchronous Operation 20.6 Plesiochronous Operation and Slip 20.7 Trunk Routing 20.8 Transmission Standards References21 Satellite Communications 21.1 Orbits 21.2 Satellite Consortia 21.3 Ancillary Satellite Equipment 21.4 Satellite Communications Equipment 21.5 Satellite Land Stations 21.6 Intersatellite Links 21.7 Satellites for Mobile Communications 21.8 Satellites for Ground-Station Communications References22 Switching 209 22.1 Numbering and Call Routing 22.2 Electromechanical Switching 22.3 Crosspoint Switching 22.4 Digital Switching 22.5 Digital Switching Control 22.6 Traffic Units and Erlang's Formula References23 Signaling 23.1 Signaling Requirements 23.2 Local Line Signaling 23.3 Channel Signaling - Analogue 23.4 Channel Signaling - Digital 23.5 Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) 23.6 Common-Channel Signaling (CCS) 23.7 CCITT Signaling System No. 6 23.8 CCITT Signaling System No. 7 References24 The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 24.1 The Conception 24.2 The ISDN - User Interface 24.3 The Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 24.4 The primary Rate Interface (PRI) 24.5 Protocols 24.6 ISDN in the 1990s 24.7 CCITT and ISDN References25 Support Requirements 25.1 Transmission Measuring Sets (TMSs) 25.2 Selective Level-Measuring Sets (SLMSs) 25.3 Spectrum Analyzers 25.4 Fourier Analyzers 25.5 Frequency/Time-Interval Counters 25.6 Distortion Analyzers 25.7 Modulation Analyzers 25.8 Waveform Generators, Signal Generators and Oscillators 25.9 Digital Regeneration Test Sets 25.10 Digital Communication Test Sets 25.11 Protocol Analyzers 25.12 Logic Analyzers 25.13 Oscilloscopes and Special Displays 25.14 Fiber Optic Test Equipment 25.15 Fault Diagnosis, Repair and Maintenance ReferencesAppendices A Abbreviations and Acronyms B Formula Relevant to Telecommunications C Summary of CCITT Recommendation Documents D Summary of NET Specifications and ETSI Project Teams E International Alphabet No.2 and ASCII CodeIndex
