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Cultural history; clinical anatomy and physiology; an overview of laryngeal function; vocal tract resonance; physics of sound; patient history; physical examination; other common medical diagnoses and treatments; effects of age on the voice; hearing loss in singers and other musicians; respiratory dysfunction; allergy; endocrine dysfunction; neurological disorders affecting the voice in performance; nutrition; performing arts medicine and the professional voice user; medications; psychological aspects; treating voice abuse; speech-language pathology; voice therapy; increasing vocal effectiveness; the singing teacher in the age of voice science; historical overview; the singing voice specialist; instrumentation; choral pedagogy; the role of the acting-trainer in medical care; exercise physiology.