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Viruses in Foods Sagar M. Goyal

Viruses in Foods By Sagar M. Goyal

Viruses in Foods by Sagar M. Goyal


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Viruses in Foods Summary

Viruses in Foods by Sagar M. Goyal

Foodborne viruses are an important group of pathogens recognized to cause significant disease globally, in terms of both number of illnesses and severity of disease. Contamination of foods by enteric viruses, such as human norovirus and hepatitis A and E viruses, is a major concern to public health and food safety. Food Virology is a burgeoning field of emphasis for scientific research. Many developments in foodborne virus detection, prevention and control have been made in recent years and are the basis of this publication.

This second edition of Viruses in Foods provides an up-to-date description of foodborne viruses of public health importance, including their epidemiology and methods for detection, prevention and control. It uniquely includes case reports of past outbreaks with implications for better control of future outbreaks, a section that can be considered a handbook for foodborne virus detection, and updated and expanded information on virus prevention and control, with chapters on natural virucidal compounds in foods and risk assessment of foodborne viruses.

About Sagar M. Goyal

Sagar M. Goyal is a Professor of Virology in the Veterinary Population Medicine Department at the University of Minnesota's College of Veterinary Medicine.
Jennifer L. Cannon is an Associate Professor of Food Virology at the University of Georgia's Center for Food Safety and in the Department of Food Science and Technology.

Table of Contents

1. Food Virology: Advances and NeedsCharles P. Gerba
References
2. Human and Animal Viruses in Food (Including Taxonomy of Enteric Viruses)Gail E. Greening, Jennifer L. Cannon1.0 Introduction2.0 Hepatitis A virus 2.1 Distribution and transmission 2.2 Taxonomy and morphology 2.3 Growth and biological properties 2.4 Infection and disease 2.5 Foodborne disease3.0 Hepatitis E virus 3.1 Distribution and transmission 3.2 Taxonomy and morphology 3.3 Growth and biological properties 3.4 Infection and disease 3.5 Foodborne disease 3.6 Zoonotic transmission4.0 Norovirus 4.1 Distribution and transmission 4.2 Taxonomy and morphology 4.3 Growth and biological properties 4.4 Infection and disease 4.5 Foodborne disease 4.6 Zoonotic transmission5.0 Sapovirus5.1 Distribution and transmission 5.2 Taxonomy and morphology 5.3 Growth and biological properties 5.4 Infection and disease 5.5 Foodborne disease 5.6 Zoonotic transmission6.0 Rotavirus 6.1 Distribution and transmission 6.2 Taxonomy and morphology 6.3 Growth and biological properties 6.4 Infection and disease 6.5 Foodborne disease6.6 Zoonotic transmission7.0 Astrovirus 7.1 Distribution and transmission 7.2 Taxonomy and morphology 7.3 Growth and biological properties 7.4 Infection and disease 7.5 Foodborne disease8.0 Other viruses with potential for foodborne transmission 8.1 Adenovirus 8.2 Enterovirus 8.3 Aichivirus8.4 Parvovirus 8.5 Coronavirus 8.6 Torovirus 8.7 Picobirnavirus 8.8 Tick-borne encephalitis virus 8.9 Other foodborne routes of virus transmission9.0 Summary and conclusions10.0 References
3. The Molecular Virology of Enteric VirusesJavier Buesa, Jesus Rodriguez-Diaz
1.0 Caliciviruses: Noroviruses and Sapoviruses 1.1. Structure and Composition
1.2. Genomes and Proteins
1.3. Molecular Diversity of Noroviruses
1.4. Genetic Classification of Sapoviruses
1.5. Virus Replication
1.6. Virus-Cell Interactions
2.0 Rotaviruses 2.1. Virus Classification 2.2. Structure of the Virion 2.3. The Genome 2.4. Mechanisms of Evolution and Strain Diversity 2.5. Genome Replication 2.6. Cell infection 2.7. The NSP4 Enterotoxin3.0 Astroviruses 3.1. Structure of the Virion 3.2. Genome and Proteins4.0 Enteroviruses 4.1. Polioviruses 4.2. Kobuviruses5.0 Hepatitis A Virus 5.1. The Genome 5.2. Proteins 5.3. Virus Replication6.0 Hepatitis E Virus< 6.1. The Genome 6.2. Genetic Variants 6.3. Proteins 6.4. Replication7.0 Enteric Adenovirus8.0 Summary9.0 References
4. Epidemiology of Food-borne VirusesAron J. Hall
1.0 Introduction2.0 Disease Burden 2.1 Challenges and Methods to Estimating Burden 2.2 Burden in the United States 2.3 Global Burden3.0 Outbreak Surveillance 3.1 Outbreak Detection Methods3.2 Public Health Investigation3.3 National Surveillance Systems3.4 Descriptive Epidemiology4.0 Summary and Conclusions5.0 References
5. Epidemiology of Viral Foodborne Outbreaks: Role of Food Handlers, Irrigation Water, and SurfacesCraig Hedberg
1.0 Introduction2.0 Outbreak detection, investigation, and surveillance3.0 Role of food handlers4.0 Role of irrigation water5.0 Role of surface contamination6.0 Summary and conclusions7.0 References
6. Case Studies and Outbreaks - Fresh ProduceEfstathia Papafragkou, Kaoru Hida and Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
1.0. Introduction2.0. Case studies and outbreaks 2.1 Norovirus outbreaks 2.2 Hepatitis A virus outbreaks
3.0. Summary and conclusions4.0. References
7. Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness: Virus Localization, Disease Outbreaks and PreventionGary P. Richards
1.0. Introduction2.0. Virus localization within shellfish3.0. Case studies 3.1. Hepatitis A virus 3.2. Noroviruses 3.3. Hepatitis E virus4.0. Disease prevention 4.1. Routine monitoring and regulations 4.2. Enhanced monitoring and enforcement 4.3. Improved sewage treatment 4.4. Analytical techniques 4.5. Processing strategies 4.6. Disease reporting and epidemiological follow-up 4.7. Hygienic practices5.0. Summary 6.0. References
8. Outbreaks and case studies - Community and Food HandlersQing Wang, Sarah Markland, and Kalmia E. Kniel1.0 Introduction2.0 Human norovirus 2.1 Case study 1 2.2 Case study 2 2.3 Case study 3 2.4 Prevention and control
3.0 Rotavirus 3.1 Case study 1 3.2 Case study 2 3.3 Case study 3 3.4 Prevention and control
4.0 Hepatitis A Virus 4.1 Case study 1 4.2 Prevention and control
5.0 Aichivirus6.0 Hepatitis E Virus 6.1 Case study 1 6.2 Case study 2 6.3 Prevention and control
7.0 Summary8.0 References
9. Methods for Virus Recovery from FoodsSagar M. Goyal and Hamada A. Aboubakr1.0 INTRODUCTION2.0 FOOD SAMPLING FOR VIRUS DETECTION3.0 STRATEGIES FOR RECOVERY OF VIRUSES FROM FOODS
3.1 The approach of viral particle recovery 3.1.1 Elution of viral particles from food matrices< 3.1.2 Clarification of the virus eluate 3.1.3 Concentration step 3.1.4 Secondary concentration step
3.2 The approach of direct recovery of viral RNA from food
4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE OF VIRUS RECOVERY METHODS FROM FOOD5.0 CONCLUSIONS6.0 REFERENCES 10. Methods for Virus Recovery in WaterKristen E. Gibson and Mark A. Borchardt
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Virus recovery methods 2.1 VIRADEL 2.2 Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration 2.3 Secondary Concentration
2.4 Method Selection: What is important?
3.0 Advantages of virus sampling
5.0 Summary and conclusions
6.0 References
11. Molecular Detection Methods of Foodborne VirusesPreeti Chhabra & Jan Vinje1.0 Introduction2.0 Non-amplification methods 2.1 Probe hybridization 2.1.1 Biosensors 2.1.2 Nucleic acid aptamers 2.1.3 Carbohydrates (Histo-blood group antigens)2.1.4 Quantum dots 2.1.5 Microarray3.0 Target-specific amplification methods3.1 Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR): RT-PCR, nested PCR, multiplex PCR 3.1.1 Post amplification analysis and interpretation of results of conventional PCRs 3.2 Real-time PCR 3.3. Controls: process controls and amplification controls 3.3.1 Process controls 3.3.2 Amplification controls 3.3.3 Interpretation of PCR and qPCR results based on control results3.4 Application of conventional and real-time PCRs in detection of viruses in food matrix3.5 Isothermal amplification methods 3.5.1 Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) 3.5.1.1 Molecular Beacon in NASBA 3.5.2 Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)4.0 Conclusions5.0 References
12. Methods for Estimating Virus InfectivityDoris H. D'Souza
1.0 Introduction2.0 RT-PCR for infectious virus detection2.1 Enzymatic pretreatments for detection of damaged capsid/loss of infectivity2.2 Labelling with biotin hydrazide for detection of oxidatively damaged viral capsids2.3 Pretreatment with intercalating dyes followed by molecular assays for infectivity determination2.4 Porcine gastric mucin (PGM) as a method for selective binding of intact viral capsids2.5 Other binding-based infectivity assays2.6 Cell-culture combinations with molecular based detection (RT-PCR)3.0 Use of cultivable surrogates for the determination of human norovirus (HuNoV) infectivity 3.1 Feline calicivirus as a cultivable HuNoV surrogate to determine infectivity 3.2 Murine norovirus as a cultivable surrogate for HuNoV 3.3 Tulane virus as a cultivable surrogate to determine HuNoV infectivity3.4 Porcine sapovirus as a cultivable HuNoV surrogate to determine infectivity3.5 Virus-Like particles as surrogates4.0 Animal models and human feeding studies 4.1 Animal models 4.2 Feeding studies/Human challenge studies5.0 Summary and conclusions6.0 References
13. Survival of Enteric Viruses in the Environment and FoodG. Sanchez, A. Bosch
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Methods to study virus persistence in food and the environment
3.0 Virus persistence in the environment 3.1 Virus persistence in environmental waters 3.2 Virus persistence in soil 3.3 Virus persistence in aerosols 3.4 Virus persistence on fomites 3.5 Virus persistence on hands
4.0 Stability of enteric viruses in food products 4.1 Stability of enteric viruses on chilled products 4.2 Stability of enteric viruses under frozen storage 4.3 Effects of relative humidity on enteric virus persistence 4.4 Stability of enteric viruses on dried food products 4.5 Stability of enteric viruses under modified atmosphere packaging 4.6 Effects of acidification on enteric virus survival
5.0 Conclusions
6.0 References
14. Using Microbicidal Chemicals to Interrupt the Spread of Foodborne VirusesSyed A. Sattar, Sabah Bidawid
1.0 Introduction2.0 Basic considerations3.0 Test methodologies to determine virucidal activity4.0 Factors in testing virucidal activity 4.1 Test viruses 4.2 Nature and design of carriers 4.2.1 Environmental surfaces 4.2.2 Food items 4.2.3 Hands 4.3 Nature and level of soil loading 4.4 Time and temperature for virus-microbicide contact 4.5 Elimination of Cytotoxicity 4.6 Neutralization of virucidal activity 4.7 Quantitation of virus infectivity 4.8 Number of test and control carriers 4.9 Product performance criteria5.0 Currently available tests 5.1 Quantitative suspension tests 5.2 Quantitative carrier tests6.0 Practical aspects of testing microbicides 6.1 Hepatitis A virus strain HM-175 (ATCC VR-1402) 6.2 Feline calicivirus strain F9 (ATCC VR-782) 6.3 Murine norovirus type 1 (Strain S99) 6.4 Human rotavirus - WA strain (ATCC VR-2018) 6.5 Additional Controls in virucidal Tests7.0 Microbicides in environmental control of foodborne viruses8.0 Concluding remarks9.0 References
15. Virus Inactivation During Food ProcessingAlvin Lee, Stephen Grove1.0 Introduction2.0 Nonthermal preservation processes 2.1 High pressure processing 2.1.1 Pressure effects on viruses 2.1.2. Comparison of HPP inactivation of various human norovirus surrogates 2.1.3 Oyster and bivalve mollusks processing 2.2 Irradiation 2.3 Pulsed electric field 2.4 High-intensity pulsed light 2.5 High power ultrasound3.0 Sanitizers used in food processing 3.1 Chlorine 3.2 Organic acid based sanitizers 3.3 Electrolyzed water 3.4 Chlorine dioxide4.0 Summary and conclusions4.2 References
16. Natural Virucidal Compounds in Foodsright, Damian H. Gilling1.0 Introduction 1.1 Types of plant antimicrobials2.0 Antiviral activity of compounds from plants 2.1 Efficacy of plant antimicrobials against enveloped viruses 2.2 Efficacy of plant antimicrobials against non-enveloped viruses
3.0 Mechanisms of antiviral action 3.1 Mechanisms of antiviral activity against enveloped viruses 3.2 Mechanisms of antiviral activity against non-enveloped viruses
4.0 Conclusions5.0 References
17. Risk Assessment for Foodborne VirusesElizabeth Bradshaw and Lee-Ann Jaykus
1.0 Introduction to risk analysis 1.1 Risk management 1.2 Risk communication 1.3 Risk assessment2.0 Microbial risk assessment3.0 Process of risk assessment4.0 Structure of risk assessment 4.1 Hazard identification 4.2 Exposure assessment 4.3 Hazard characterization 4.4 Risk characterization5.0 Elements of risk assessment in food virology 5.1 Hazard assessment, risk profiles, and meta analysis 5.2 Data for exposure modeling 5.3 Predictive microbiology 5.4 Hazard characterization6.0 Recent risk modeling efforts in food virology 6.1 Fresh produce 6.1.a Irrigation with wastewater or recycled water 6.1.b Fresh produce along the farm-to-fork chain 6.2 Molluscan shellfish 6.3 RTE foods and food handling 6.4 Synthesis comments7.0 Conclusions8.0 Acknowledgements9.0 References
Index

Additional information

NLS9783319808758
9783319808758
3319808753
Viruses in Foods by Sagar M. Goyal
New
Paperback
Springer International Publishing AG
2018-04-22
512
N/A
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